1953 Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry under
the leadership of William Menninger met to discuss the psychological effects of
loyalty oaths
“Considerations Regarding the
Loyalty Oath as a Manifestation of Current Social Tension and Anxiety”
oaths were “only one
manifestation in a growing general trend towards the enforcement of conformity
of thinking and acting.” endangering the
development of the ego restricting
access to “the object world” distorting
the development of a “workable super-ego” by “emphasizing the external threat
at the expense of self-responsibility” threatening
“the ego-ideal appropriate to a free and democratic society by introducing increasingly
contradictory ideals and by depreciating the image and model value of the
teacher (academic theoretical pedagogy).”
“ego: part of psyche (human soul mind spirit)
responsible for ones sense of self their
ability to interact with the outside world
“super-ego: ethical component of
the personality that provides moral standatrds bywhich the ego operates
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